Kamis, 16 Juli 2015

Makalah Sociolinguistics Materi Politeness (MK PBI Semester 5)

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PREFACE

Praise be to Allah, The cherisher and sustainer of the worlds. God who has been giving His blessing and mercy to the compilers to complete this paper entitled “Politeness in Student of Thirth Grade of Elementary School of Ciwulan I”
It is structured to meet the task subjects “Sociolinguistics”. Also as acondition for getting a good grade in this course.
In the preparation of this material, we involved multiple stakeholders namely :
1.      Yogi Setia Samsi, S.S , as a lecturer in “Sociolinguistics” that has guided us in the preparation of this task,
2.      Our parents who have provided encouragement and support both morally and materially,
3.      Classmates of I class (Fifth Semester) In English Education Department, Singaperbangsa Karawang University.
We would like to thank those who have helped us in every way, so that the analysis can be resolved. May Allah reward all their kindness. Amin.
We realize that this analysis is far from perfect, therefore criticism and suggestions from all stakeholders that are built for the perfection we always hoped this paper.





Karawang, January, 9th 2014
      Compiler


CONTENTS

Preface ...........................................................................................................  1
Contents .........................................................................................................  2
Chapter I. Introductions ................................................................................  3
1. 1 Background / Rationale........................................................................... 4
1. 2 Research Problem ....................................................................................  5
1. 3 Objectives of the study ...........................................................................  6
1. 4 Significances of the study .......................................................................  7
1. 5 Research Metodologi ..............................................................................  8
      1. 5.1 Instruments ....................................................................................  9
      1. 5.2 Collections of Data ........................................................................  1
Chapter II. Theoritical Foundation ................................................................  8
2. 1 Politeness ................................................................................................  9
2. 2 Standard of Politeness ...........................................................................  10
2. 3 Politeness Theory ...................................................................................  11
Chapter III. Analysis Data ............................................................................  14
3. 1 Analysis Data .........................................................................................  15
      3. 1. 1 Interview / Observation Transcription .........................................  16
      3. 1. 2 Result of Interview and Observation ...........................................  16
3. 2 Profile .....................................................................................................  16
      3. 2. 1 School ..........................................................................................  16
      3. 2. 2 Students in Thirth Grade .............................................................  16
      3. 2. 3 Student ( As Interviewy ) ............................................................  17
Chapter IV. Finding and Suggestions ..........................................................  16
4. 1 Finding ...................................................................................................  17
4. 2 Suggestions ............................................................................................  17
Bibliography ..................................................................................................  18
Attachments ..................................................................................................  19



Chapter I
Introductions

1. 1 Background / Rationale       
          In the world of education is also known study of educational research. This meant that in educational research would be expected to use appropriate and effective method to process data. Moreover, as a student.
         This study is aimed at students of 5th semester courses S1 English education. In reply sosiolinguistics course aims to develop students' ability in developing research and learn more about the scientific study of language which became the main material of the course sosiolinguistics.
         This study compiled individually to complete the course and obtain the value of sociolinguistics final before the final test. Students are expected to learn to formulate research that will be useful later when the final semester as a condition of graduation thesis in English Education S1 Singaperbangsa Karawang University.

1. 2 Research Problem
1)      How to know politeness third-grade students in Elementary School of Ciwulan I ?
2)      How to know standards of politeness students in elementary school ?
3)      How does the percentage of third-grade students courtesy Elementary School of Ciwulan I ?

1. 3 Objectives of the study
1)      To know politeness third-grade students in Elementary School of Ciwulan I ?
2)      To know standards of politeness students in elementary school ?
3)      To know How does the percentage of third-grade students courtesy Elementary School of Ciwulan I ?

1. 4 Significances of the study 
        This paper in addition to fulfilling the task subjects Sociolinguistics also expected to benefit both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, the results of this paper to the study of Sociolinguistics. In practical terms, this paper is expected to contribute knowledge to the readers.

1. 5 Research Metodologi

      1. 5. 1 Instruments
1.      Laptop
2.      Questioner
3.      Tape Recorder (On Handphone)
4.      Blackboard
5.      Marker
     
      1. 5. 2 Collections of Data
1.      Interview
2.      Observation (Questioner)













Chapter II
Theoritical Foundation
2. 1 Politeness
Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and therefore what is considered polite in one culture can sometimes be quite rude or simply eccentric in another cultural context.
While the goal of politeness is to make all of the parties relaxed and comfortable with one another, these culturally defined standards at times may be manipulated to inflict shame on a designated party.
Anthropologists Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson identified two kinds of politeness, deriving from Erving Goffman's concept of face:
  • Negative politeness: Making a request less infringing, such as "If you don't mind..." or "If it isn't too much trouble..."; respects a person's right to act freely. In other words, deference. There is a greater use of indirect speech acts.
  • Positive politeness: Seeks to establish a positive relationship between parties; respects a person's need to be liked and understood. Direct speech acts, swearing and flouting Grice's maxims can be considered aspects of positive politeness because:
    • they show an awareness that the relationship is strong enough to cope with what would normally be considered impolite (in the popular understanding of the term);
    • they articulate an awareness of the other person's values, which fulfills the person's desire to be accepted.


2. 2 Standart Politeness
  • Expressing uncertainty and ambiguity through hedging and indirectness.
  • Polite lying
  • Use of euphemisms (which make use of ambiguity as well as connotation)
  • Preferring tag questions to direct statements, such as "You were at the store, weren't you?"
    • modal tags request information of which the speaker is uncertain. "You didn't go to the store yet, did you?"
    • affective tags indicate concern for the listener. "You haven't been here long, have you?"
      • softeners reduce the force of what would be a brusque demand. "Hand me that thing, could you?"
      • facilitative tags invite the addressee to comment on the request being made. "You can do that, can't you?"
Some studies have shown that women are more likely to use politeness formulas than men, though the exact differences are not clear. Most current research has shown that gender differences in politeness use are complex, since there is a clear association between politeness norms and the stereotypical speech of middle class white women, at least in the UK and US.
It is therefore unsurprising that women tend to be associated with politeness more and their linguistic behaviour judged in relation to these politeness norms.

2. 3 Politeness Theory

Chapter III
Analysis Data

3. 1 Analysis Data

       3. 1. 1 Interview / Observation Transcription

1.     Interview
·         Date           : January, 6th 2014
·         Time          : 8 – 9 AM
·         Place          : In front of  Teachers’ office
·         Interviewy : M. Al Hikam Ibnu Hasby
·         Age            : 9 years old
·         Status         : Student
·         Class          : 3th grade
·         NIS            : 111201013
·         Ranking     : 1st from 30th students


2.     Questioner

Angket Penelitian Tingkat Kesopanan dalam Berbahasa siswa kelas III di SDN Ciwulan I

Sekolah : ............................................................... Tanggal : ..................
Nama    : ...........................................................................  Kelas : ..........
NO
PERTANYAAN
JAWABAN
A

TIDAK
PERNAH
B

PERNAH
C

 JARANG
D

SERING
E

SANGAT
SERING
1
Seberapa sering kamu berterimakasih saat mendapat bantuan atau pertolongan?





2
Seberapa sering kamu meminta maaf saat melakukan kesalahan?





3
Seberapa sering kamu mengucap permisi saat melintas dikerumunan orang?





4
Seberapa sering kamu menyapa orang lain saat berpapasan di jalan?





5
Seberapa sering kamu mengucapkan salam saat memasuki ruangan (kelas/rumah)?








           3. 1. 2 Result of Interview and Observation 
Interviewer : “ Selamat pagi nak ”
Interviewy   : “ Pagi pak ”
Interviewer : “ Bagaimana liburannya ”
Interviewy   : “ Menyenangkan pak ”
Interviewer  : “ Bapa mau menanyakan beberapa hal tentang kesopanan ”
Interviewy   : “ Iya pak ”
Interviewer  : “ Pertama, menurutmu banyak tidak anak yang tidak sopan di kelas tiga? ”
Interviewy   : “ Banyak pak “
Interviewer : “



3. 2 Profile
3. 2. 1 School

-          Name : Elementary School of Ciwulan I
-          Built   :
-          Address :
-          Headmaster :
-          Teachers :
-          Totally Students :

3. 2. 2 Student in Thirth Grade

NOMOR
NAMA
URT
INDUK
1
 111201001
Abdul Salim
2
 111201002
Ahmad Afifudin
3
 111201003
Ahmad Sirojudin
4
 111201004
Alya Nurul F.
5
 111201005
Alyani Meilani
6
 111201006
Arum Sari
7
 111201007
Dede Yusuf
8
 111201008
Eko Suhada
9
 111201009
Iwan Kurniawan
10
 111201010
Komarul Zaman
11
 111201011
Livia Aidinnuron
12
 111201012
Marwah
13
 111201013
M. Al Hikam I. H.
14
 111201014
M. Ramdani
15
 111201015
M. Ripaldi
16
 111201016
Padlan Maulana
17
 111201017
Parhan Maulana
18
 111201018
Putri Komala
19
 111201019
Ratu Candra Kirana
20
 111201020
Rodiyah
21
 111201021
Samsudin
22
 111201022
Sintia Putri
23
 111201023
Siska Wulandari
24
 111201024
Siti Nurjulaeha
25
 111201025
Siti Solihat
26
 111201026
Sri Rahayu
27
 111201027
Elysa R.
28
 111201028
Ali Askari
29
 111201029
Ma'ruf Zein
30
 111201030
 Anfal Ratu Anisa


3. 2. 3 Student ( as interviewy )

-          Interviewy : Muhammad Al Hikam Ibnu Hasby
-          Age            : 9 years old
-          Parent         :
-          Address      : Poponcol - Ciwulan
-          Status         : Student / Captain Class
-          Class          : thirth grade
-          NIS            : 111201016
-          Ranking     : 1st from 30th students

Chapter IV
Finding and Suggestions

4. 1 Finding

4. 2 Suggestions

Bibliography

Attachments

  Journal of Politeness Research

Language, Behaviour, Culture

Ed. by Grainger, Karen
2 Issues per year
IMPACT FACTOR 2012: 0.895
5-year IMPACT FACTOR: 1.902
Rank 40 out of 160 in category Linguistics in the 2012 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Report/Social Sciences Edition
ERIH category 2011: INT2
Aims and Scope
Contributions to the Journal of Politeness Research focus on various aspects of politeness as a complex linguistic and non-linguistic phenomenon. The multidisciplinary journal broadens and sharpens the understanding of the nature of politeness by providing a much-needed forum for synergies to develop between researchers approaching politeness from different disciplinary angles.
The journal also strengthens and widens the existing cross-cultural and intercultural body of politeness research by encouraging new contributions from lesser-studied cultures and languages. Journal of Politeness Research is associated with the work of the international Linguistic Politeness Research Group (LPRG).
http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jplr


 Politeness

Some Universals in Language Usage

Part of Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics
Author :
  • Penelope Brown, Max-Planck-Institut für Psycholinguistik, The Netherlands
  • Stephen C. Levinson, Max-Planck-Institut für Psycholinguistik, The Netherlands
  • Date Published: February 1987
  • availability: Temporarily unavailable - no date available
  • format: Paperback
  • isbn: 9780521313551
This study is about the principles for constructing polite speeches. The core of it first appeared in Questions and Politeness, edited by Esther N. Goody (now out of print). It is here reissued with a fresh introduction that surveys the considerable literature in linguistics, psychology and the social sciences that the original extended essay stimulated, and suggests distinct directions for research.
The authors describe and account for some remarkable parallelisms in the linguistic construction of utterances with which people express themselves in different languages and cultures. A motive for these parallels is isolated - politeness, broadly defined to include both polite friendliness and polite formality - and a universal model is constructed outlining the abstract principles underlying polite usages. This is based on the detailed study of three unrelated languages and cultures: the Tamil of South India, the Tzeltal spoken by Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico, and the English of the USA and England, supplemented by examples from other cultures.
Underneath the apparent diversity of polite behaviour in different societies lie some general pan-human principles of social interaction, and the model of politeness provides a tool for analysing the quality of social relations in any society. This volume will be of special interest to students in linguistic pragmatics, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, anthropology, and the sociology and social psychology of interaction.

Reviews & endorsements

It has continued to inspire empirical work as 'the' source on politeness and, more generally, as an important exemplar in the study of the relationship between language and society. In addition, the broad scope of their treatment of these concerns has created a work in which many, if not most, of the assumptions guiding the contemporary study of language use are to found." Douglas G. Glick, Semiotica (1996)
http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/sociolinguistics/politeness-some-universals-language-usage

 Understanding Politeness

Author :
  • Dániel Z. Kádár, University of Huddersfield
  • Michael Haugh, Griffith University, Queensland
  • Date Published: September 2013
  • availability: In stock
  • format: Paperback
  • isbn: 9781107626942
Politeness is key to all of our relationships and plays a fundamental part in the way we communicate with each other and the way we define ourselves. It is not limited only to conventional aspects of linguistic etiquette, but encompasses all types of interpersonal behaviour through which we explore and maintain our relationships. This groundbreaking exploration navigates the reader through this fascinating area and introduces them to a variety of new insights.
The book is divided into three parts and is based on an innovative framework which relies on the concepts of social practice, time and space. In this multidisciplinary approach, the authors capture a range of user and observer understandings and provide a variety of examples from different languages and cultures. With its reader-friendly style, carefully constructed exercises and useful glossary, Understanding Politeness will be welcomed by both researchers and postgraduate students working on politeness, pragmatics and sociolinguistics more broadly.
http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/semantics-and-pragmatics/understanding-politeness?format=PB




 Questions and Politeness Strategies in Social Interaction

Part of Cambridge Papers in Social Anthropology
Author :
  • Esther N. Goody
  • Date Published: March 1978
  • availability: Manufactured on demand: supplied direct from the printer
  • format: Paperback
  • isbn: 9780521292504
http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/anthropology/linguistic-anthropology/questions-and-politeness-strategies-social-interacti


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